![]() Juristic discussions on the possibility of using qiyāfah as a means to verify paternity claims is usually traced to this report. The physyiognomer based his opinion on other bodily features and this incident was often interpreted to support the validity of physiognomy as a method for paternity verification. According to this report, the Prophet was pleased to hear that the physiognomer Mujazziz al-Mudlijī confirmed the paternity of the Companion Usāmah ibn Zayd, despite the fact that Usāmah’s skin was dark and his father’s was fair. One of the strongest textual foundations in favor of qiyāfah is the Prophetic report which implies the Prophet’s approval of this method. It also denotes the ability to examine resemblance in bodily and physical features for the purpose of confirming family relationships, especially in paternity disputes.Īlthough qiyāfah is not mentioned explicitly either in the Qurʾān or the Sunnah of the Prophet, several indirect references are made to it in lineage-related traditions. It conveys the ability to follow marks on the ground, mainly in the desert. The word is derived from the Arabic root ( qāfa), which stands for the act of following or tracing. One of the most important types of circumstantial evidence was physiognomy ( qiyāfah), which was quite popular in the pre-Islamic Arabian culture. In addition to these (primary) methods, Muslim jurists also discussed other types of circumstantial evidence, which can be used to evaluate paternity claims. Most importantly, paternity regulations have strong connections with marriage and the definition of a licit sexual relationship, mainly in light of the well-known Prophetic report which has established that link “the child should be attached to the (rightful owner of the) bed.” Methods to ascertain this licit relationship, such as acknowledgement and witness testimony, are also recognized as means to verify paternity ties. ![]() In the Islamic tradition, Islamic rules governing paternity are closely tied to a number of important legal concepts and procedures.
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